Energy transfers in and between organisms
Life depends on continuous transfers of energy.In photosynthesis, light is absorbed by chlorophyll and this is linked to the production of ATP.
In respiration, various substances are used as respiratory substrates. The hydrolysis of these respiratory substrates is linked to the production of ATP. This topic looks in great detail at the chemistry and metabolic pathways behind respiration and photosynthesis, explaining exactly how plants are able to use light energy to synthesise new chemical compounds. Assessment is via mid point and end of topic assessments using past exam questions.
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments
A stimulus is a change in the internal or external environment. A receptor detects a stimulus. A coordinator formulates a suitable response to a stimulus. An effector produces a response. This topic explores the structure of specific receptors, the neurones associated with them, synapses, the brain, the heart, muscles, and the processes involved in homeostasis. Assessment is via mid point and end of topic assessments using past exam questions.
Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems
The theory of evolution underpins modern Biology. All new species arise from an existing species. This results in different species sharing a common ancestry, as represented in phylogenetic classification. This topic explores how the inheritance of DNA causes characteristics, mechanisms of evolution and how Biologists investigate populations. Assessment is via mid point and end of topic assessments using past exam questions.
The control of gene expression
Cells are able to control their metabolic activities by regulating the transcription and translation of their genome. Although the cells within an organism carry the same coded genetic information, they translate only part of it. This topic delves into how and why certain genes are expressed by different cells, and how science is developing the ability to manipulate the genetic characteristics of different organisms. Assessment is via mid point and end of topic assessments using past exam questions.